*With age growth, different genders showed opposite changing tendencies*. （表示两种趋势）Starting at 52.8% in the group of 15 to 24 years old, the percentage of males *experienced a sharp drop and bottomed out at less than two fifth*s （快速下降）in the 35 to 44 year old group. *Then, it rebounded quickly until the figure recovered to 46.7% in the oldest age group*（反弹）. Whereas, the female group p*resented a slow growth at first, covering the age groups from the youngest (15 to 24) to middle age (45 to 54)*. *At the end of the increase, a peak number of 53.3% was reached and maintained in the next group (55 to 64)*.（到达顶峰） In the group of 65 and over, the percentage *shrunk to* 47.1%.
*Comparing all the information, it could be found that*（比较所有信息） except in the youngest group, more women showed enthusiasm to physical activities in all the rest age groups, although the difference in the oldest one was only 0.4%. The largest one occurred in the group of 35 to 44, 39.5% men versus 53.3% female.
In addition, as people grow older, *the gaps between different genders enlarged gradually but kept dropping after* （差距拉大）44 years old.
这两种分段通常用在当题目里的几条线没有出现明显交点的时候。如下题：The graph below shows the quantities of goods transported in the UK between 1974 and 2002 by four different modes of transport. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The graph compares the volumes of goods delivered by four means of transport in the UK during the period from 1974 to 2002.
Trucking was by far the most important mode of transport, with the figure increasing modestly from 70 million in 1974 to approximately 80 million in 1994 and then rising at an even faster pace during the rest of period to nearly 100 million tonnes in 2002. The amount transported by water was lower: while it did record a significant growth from 40 million to around 70 million tonnes in 2002, the figure remained basically unchanged at between 55 to 60 million tonnes for nearly two decades from 1982 to 1998.
The tonnage delivered by pipeline saw a steady growth from about 5 million tonnes in 1974 to over 20 million tonnes in 1995, and then remained at this level for the rest of the period. Despite the growth, it was the least popular means of transport.
Overall, almost every means of transport in the UK saw an upward trend in the goods delivered with rail as the only exception. Road transportation delivered more goods than any other means of transport.
Having a definite job accounted for 30 percent of immigration to the UK, and this figure was very similar for emigration, at 29%. （最大占比的数据对比） Another major factor influencing a move to the UK was for formal study, with over a quarter of people immigrating for this reason. However, interestingly, only a small minority, 4%, left for this.（第二大占比的数据对比）饼型图
A large number of people, 22%, also emigrated because they were looking for a job, though the proportion of people entering the UK for this purpose was noticeably lower at less than a fifth. （第三大占比数据对比）The proportions of those moving to join a family member were quite similar for immigration and emigration, at 15% and 13% respectively（排第四占比的数据对比）. Although a significant number of people gave ‘other’ reasons or did not give a reason why they emigrated, this accounted for only 17% with regards to immigration.（最小占比的两个数据写在一起来对比）
The charts below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the world.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
按照水的不同用途在不同国家间的大小顺序来安排。
The pie charts showcase the difference amongst six regions across the world in terms of named water uses in percentage.
Water used for industrial purposes presents the most drastic contrasts in regional consumption trends. Europe and North America, as the top two consumers, reach 53% and 48% respectively. South America and South East Asia assume the second tier in the charts, both amounting to about 10%. The smallest proportion of water is used industrially in Africa and Central Asia (7% and 5% respectively).
Agriculture is where regional differences in water consumption rates are relatively smaller: North America and Europe both stand between 30% and 40%, while the other four regions in question find themselves in a high-value band (71 to 88%).
Households use the least amount of water: less than 20% for North and South America and Europe, and less than 10% for other regions.
In sum, despite the regional difference and generalities, agriculture, industry, and domestic uses of water are in a descending order.
一篇动态饼图
The charts below give information on the ages of the populations of Yemen and Italy in 2000 and projections for 2050.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The four pie charts illustrate information on the ages of the population of Yemen and Italy in 2000 with predictions for 2050. Three categories are provided, each depicting a different age group - 0-14, 15-59, and 60+ - to make clarifications simpler.
In Yemen's two pie charts, it is clear that people of 14 years old and younger occupied the majority of the population at 50.1% in 2000, while people from 15 to 59 years old will take the highest percentage in 2050, at around 57.3%. There will be a growth in the percentage of people from 15 to 59 andover 60 years old from 2000 to 2050. However, the percentage of the youngest age group will decrease over the fifty years.
It can be seen from the second two pie charts that in Italy people from 15 to 59 years have the highest percentage in both 2000 and 2050. The percentage of people over 60 years old is always higher than that of people of 14 and younger. There will be a rise in the percentage of people in the oldest category from 2000 to 2050. However, the fifty years will witness a decrease in the percentage of the youngest people as well as in the 15-59-year-old people.
In 2000, in terms of people 14 years and younger, the percentage of Yemen was higher than that of Italy. However, in 2050, for the population of individuals who fell into the 60+ years category, Yemen's percentage will be much lower than Italy's.
The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and services in five countries in 2002. （该段很常规的方式改写了题目，方法大家可以参考我前面介绍的开头段改写方法）
Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably higher in Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of spending on leisure and education was also highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing and footwear was significantly higher in Italy, at 9%, than in any of the other countries.（这一段主要是把通过“单项分析法”提取出来的最大值罗列在了一起）
It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer expenditure for food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5% respectively. Spain had slightly higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for leisure/education, at only 1.98%.（这一段主要是把通过“单项分析法”提取出来的最小值罗列在了一起）
It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food, drinks and tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has the lowest percentages in the table.
不论是直线型还是循环型的流程图，都包含多个步骤。步骤过多就需要分组，毕竟不能一个步骤一段，全文多达七八段。比如这个流程图（来自于网络），题目是：The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry，即用制砖的流程。
首先，如果涉及分组，开头段除了改写题目还要指出这种分组，比如上例的开头段就可以写为：The flow chart demonstrates the process of brick manufacturing and the procedure can be divided into three related phases which can benamed moulding, heating, packaging and delivery.
地图题中常用的方位词有：in the east/ west/ south/ north of the village ; in the eastern/ western/ southern northern part of village ...；
如果是在角落，可以用：in the southwestern corner of ... ;
在河流的上/下游：at the lower/ upper reaches of the river;
沿着河岸：alongside the riverbank；
在河流的南端：at the southern end of the river.
表建设：
build
construct
establish
set up
appear
emerge
pave
表拆除：
pull down
knock down
convert
replace
disappear
vanish
范文参考
思路分析之后，让我们一起看下范文是如何将这些要点组成有逻辑的文章吧！
The maps below show a science park in 2008 and the same park today.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The maps detail alterations to a science park dating back to 2008.
intro：对题干内容进行改写，in 2008 and the same park today=> dating back to 2008；确定好文章时态，描述第一张图用过去时，第二张用一般现在时。
Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that the park has expanded to include more areas for research, education and improved accessibility.
Considering initially the northern end of the park, in 2008 there was considerable untouched natural land that has now been replaced with a research and development center (the reception area was also removed in favor of a university hub, while the adjacent offices remain the same). South of these new facilities, the car park has reduced in size, the business units are unchanged, and, most significantly, the cyber security building has been enlarged, overtaking previously undeveloped land.
In the southern section of the park, the circular IT centre has been transformed into an innovation centre and there is a new train station on the southernmost tracks with walkways branching off to various facilities. Finally, there are additional biking routes along an eastern road and running through the centre of the park past the car park and new buildings as well as a bus stop on the eastern side of campus.
body paragraph： 确定好分段，先描述上半部分的变化和不变，再描述下半部分。最后别忘了注意两个图表中间的文字说明，把交通道路的改善添加到第二个主体段中。
TEST3,WRITINGTASK1
This is an answer written by a candidate who achieved a Band 6.5 score.
The South West airport had some changes after its redevelopment. The departures area was modified to have a bag drop service, along with a cafe and check-in module that were already there before the redevelopment. However, both the cafe and the check-in module changed places to make room for the bag drop. After going through security passport control, passengers and airport staff will be able to purchase stuff at the new stores before their flight. After doing some shopping, the boarding gates wait ahead. There are now 18 gates, which were 8 before the redevelopment. For this reason, the walkaway installed between the gates has been replaced for a sky train, which will be able to transport people along the different gates. But if you’re not leaving the South West airport, you’ll be glad to know the arrivals area has also been redeveloped. After going through passport control customs, passengers and airport staff will be able to hire different services. This area was empty before the redevelopment, but now it has an ATM, a cafe and a car hire service that will gladly take you to your destination.
People have different views about how much choich students should have with regard to what they like
个人观点句型：
Although some people argue that ~, I believe that
While I acknowledge that ~, I disagree with the recommendation that
I believe that rule and freedom play equally important roles, so they should be co-exist in the ~
I believe the joint effort of the government and individuals is the key to dealing with environmental problems
I believe that a combination of ~ and ~ is ideal.
I believe that both ~ and ~are needed to
https://www.zhihu.com/topic/21508626)
SourceURL:file://文字文稿2
Some people believe that it is good to share as much information as possible in scientific research, business and the academic world. Others believe that some information is too important or too valuable to be shared freely.
Discuss *both these views and give your own opinion.*（记得这是双边讨论）
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience
Accelerating information flow is *a defining feature* （显著特点）of the cyber-era. But, within industries that have extensive amounts of research and development, sharing or secrecy *is a controversial issue*.（有争议的问题）
*The supporters of sharing emphasized two points*,（开头提出key points） accelerating the progress in different areas and making a win-win situation possible for all the parties. Firstly, sharing allows researchers to forge new ground rather than repeat already existing research as well as perform meta-analyses on the current research topic. Therefore, data sharing ensures the continued production in all industries. Secondly, fully accessibility of the newest data can inform the larger community about the changes. This in turn can greatly benefit the public as more widely disseminated information can lead to better commercial or scientific planning based on a bigger and newer picture.
In contrast, the opposing views pay more attention to the side-effects on（反方观点） inflicting financial losses and hindering long-term development. One motivation for secrecy is the anticipation for returns after making a large investment. Free sharing may not only threaten patents or leading positions in competition, but also change the cultural context of how researchers are rewarded for creating, analyzing, and preserving data. Another reason for withholding is the desire for honor and reputation, which are the drivers for making continuous contribution. Sometimes, openness facilitates plagiarism, especially in science research.
Based on the consideration for the interests of different communities, there is certainly no one-size-fits-all solution to the challenges of data sharing, although everyone knows in an ideal world, sharing should be the best choice. However, there is a real opportunity for a scholarly society, including researchers, funders, institutions and publishers, to work together to develop a standard to reach a balance between interest-protection and information transparency.
利弊分析题
题目简介与注意点
利弊题是观点论述类题中的一类题型，题目任务是根据一个现象，分析这个现象的利弊，并给出自己的观点。
题干特点：题中问题是Do you think the advantages of ~ outweigh the disadvantages.
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备考时间半个月，期间主要是刷题还有作文题型的整理，每天投入时间大约2h，首考出分7.5。
之后可能会出对听力和阅读的分析。
小作文（数据图表题，流程图，地图题）
注意事项：
参考文章：
1，首先要仔细审题，看是动态图还是静态图，如果是静态图就不要出现描述趋势变化的词比如increase
2，注意要确定好题目给出的对象词（也就是题目数据所指代的单位和描述对象）
3，注意时态，一般为过去时
结构：
a. 小作文段落布局1:
第一段：开头段对题目背景进行改写
第二段：全文主要特征总结
第三段：具体特征描述1
第四段：具体特征描述2
b. 小作文段落布局2:
第一段：开头段对题目背景进行改写
第二段：具体特征描述1
第三段：具体特征描述2
第二段：全文主要特征总结
改写题目：
总结段：
a.总结时开头用词不要写in conclusion, 可以写overall, to summarise, in summary等。
b.如果考场时间不够，可以写在开头段之后。
c.概括段不要出现数据。
d.不要揣测数据变化的原因，不要给建议。
柱状图
SourceURL:file://文字文稿2
题目翻译：下面的柱状图显示了2010年经常进行体育锻炼的澳大利亚不同年龄层的男女比例。选取并汇报主要特征，总结信息，并在相关处进行对比。
*With age growth, different genders showed opposite changing tendencies*. （表示两种趋势）Starting at 52.8% in the group of 15 to 24 years old, the percentage of males *experienced a sharp drop and bottomed out at less than two fifth*s （快速下降）in the 35 to 44 year old group. *Then, it rebounded quickly until the figure recovered to 46.7% in the oldest age group*（反弹）. Whereas, the female group p*resented a slow growth at first, covering the age groups from the youngest (15 to 24) to middle age (45 to 54)*. *At the end of the increase, a peak number of 53.3% was reached and maintained in the next group (55 to 64)*.（到达顶峰） In the group of 65 and over, the percentage *shrunk to* 47.1%.
*Comparing all the information, it could be found that*（比较所有信息） except in the youngest group, more women showed enthusiasm to physical activities in all the rest age groups, although the difference in the oldest one was only 0.4%. The largest one occurred in the group of 35 to 44, 39.5% men versus 53.3% female.
In addition, as people grow older, *the gaps between different genders enlarged gradually but kept dropping after* （差距拉大）44 years old.
线图
线图一般为动态图
趋势常用描述
上升：increase,rise,grow,soar(猛增),surge（猛增）
下降：decrease,decline,drop,plunge(猛降),plunge(猛降)
程度词：slightly,gradually,moderately (轻微)
significantly,substantially,considerably,dramatically,radically (猛烈)
表平稳：stay constant,remain stable
小波动：fluctate,fluctuation
极值：peak at,reach the peak,
最低点： bottom out at, reach the bottom at
常用句式：
线图分段方法
基本句式掌握了以后，接下来要做的就是对题目开始分析给出合理的具体特征段落论述。 线图的具体特征段落分段方法一般有如下几种：
a.按趋势分。
b.按高低 ： 线性图，不产生交点的时候。
c.按时间段（如果图形出现了交点的时候，一般会以交点前后的时间段分别论述）。
按*趋势*或者按*高低*来分段的方法：
这两种分段通常用在当题目里的几条线没有出现明显交点的时候。如下题：The graph below shows the quantities of goods transported in the UK between 1974 and 2002 by four different modes of transport. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
先观察：上图有4条线分别代表这4种不同的运输方式，但从图里面可以看出，这4条线没有明显的交点，
再分析：那么比较容易具体特征段分段方式就有两种。
第一种，按高低分----图里面2条高的线（road和water）分一段，然后低的两条线（rail和pipeline）分一段，总体分段就会是：
第一段--改写题目背景
第二段--描述road和water两条线的趋势变化以及数据
第三段--描述rail和pipeline两条线趋势变化以及数据
第四段--概括总结图的主要特征（这一段也可以在第一段之后就写）
按照这样分段以后的范文：
The graph compares the volumes of goods delivered by four means of transport in the UK during the period from 1974 to 2002.
Trucking was by far the most important mode of transport, with the figure increasing modestly from 70 million in 1974 to approximately 80 million in 1994 and then rising at an even faster pace during the rest of period to nearly 100 million tonnes in 2002. The amount transported by water was lower: while it did record a significant growth from 40 million to around 70 million tonnes in 2002, the figure remained basically unchanged at between 55 to 60 million tonnes for nearly two decades from 1982 to 1998.
The tonnage delivered by pipeline saw a steady growth from about 5 million tonnes in 1974 to over 20 million tonnes in 1995, and then remained at this level for the rest of the period. Despite the growth, it was the least popular means of transport.
Overall, almost every means of transport in the UK saw an upward trend in the goods delivered with rail as the only exception. Road transportation delivered more goods than any other means of transport.
当然上面这个图有些同学按找趋势来分具体特征段也是可行的，比如图里面road和pipeline两条线在总体上都是明显有上升的，分到一段里面写。而water和rail两条线虽然分别有呈现一些上升或者下降的变化趋势，但总体变化都不大，把这两条线写在一段。 所以小作文很多对题的分析，没有所谓的标准答案，只要你自己能找到一套能帮你清晰分段和描述的逻辑就行了。
接下来我们再来说一下按*时间段*来对线图进行分段的情况，如下题：
The line graph shows the average annual expenditures on cell phone and residential phone services between 2001 and 2010.
2.饼图基本句式：
接下来就要了解一下描述饼图时所需要用到的一些基本句型句式（注：如果饼图出题是动态图，需要描述数据趋势变化时，之前教给大家的线图趋势变化的句子都可以用得到）：
句式一： The graph/pie graph shows/depicts the general trend in….
该图/饼图描述了…… 的总趋势
句式二：The biggest difference between the two groups (A+B)is in…, where A makes up X percent while B constitutes Y percent.
两组之间最大的区别在于 ……，其中 A 占 X％，B 占 Y％
句式三：The highest percentage of… is A, which was approximately 12％….
A 占 …… 中的最高比例，大约是 X％
句式四： The percentage of A in… is more than twice that of B.
A 在 …… 中的比例是 B 的两倍多
句式五：There are more A in…, reaching X％, compared withY％of B.
与 B 在 …… 中的 Y％ 相比，A 所占比例较高，达到 Y％
句式六： A, which used to be the…, has become less important, which declined (increased) sharply from X％ in 1978 to only Y％ in 1998.
A 从前是……，现在重要性减弱，所占比例从 1978 年的 X％ 急剧地降到 1998 年的 Y％
句式七：The percentage of A in…is slightly larger/smaller than that of B.
A 在 …… 中的比例比 B 的比例略高（低）
句式八：The percentage of A stayed the same betweenX and Y.
A 的比重在 X 和 Y 期间保持不变
3. 饼图分段和分析方法：
掌握了饼状图基本句式之后，接下来就要学会如何分析饼状图的这些数据来进行特征段的布局了。一般来说，两种情况，饼状动态图和饼状静态图，而饼状动态图的分析无非是在静态数据描述的基础上饼型图加入趋势变化的分析，这就跟之前在给大家分析线图的时候的方式和技巧是一致的了，所以这里着重给大家拆解饼状图的静态数据描述应该怎么来进行。
饼状图是静态图的情况（无论是单图还是多图）--最容易快捷的分析方式就是按照数据从大到小的顺序分别对比描述来写，每2-3个描述对象分一段（比如题目有6个描述对象，你就每3个描述对象一段，如果是5个，你就把重要的2个描述对象一段，另外3个描述对象一段）。如下题：
The pie charts show the main reasons for migration to and from the UK in 2007.
从上图我们可以看出，虽然题目给了年份，但是给出的就只是一个单一的年份2007年，没有时间的变化了，所以也不存在有趋势的变化，可以断定，这就是一个静态图的饼图，多图对比而已。那么是静态图按照饼图最容易的分析方式，就是按数据大小排序来进行分析。
按大小分析数据：图里最大占比数据是30%对应的是 左边图里immigration的“definite job”, 第二大占比数据是29%对应的是右边图里emigration的“definite job”, 所以这两个大数据只是不同图里同类别的项目，写的时候可以放到一个句子里简单对比带过就行了。按大小排名，接下来的占比数据分别就会是26%，22%，18%，15%....我们会发现接下来的数据我们也没有必要跟写流水账一样全部按顺序罗列出来，因为按照数据排序写的时候，左图和右图都会出现同类别的描述项目，也都可以通过放到一个句子里面进行对比的方式来描述即可。所以这篇文章数据特征段的两段分段和分析的内容就可以写成如下：
Having a definite job accounted for 30 percent of immigration to the UK, and this figure was very similar for emigration, at 29%. （最大占比的数据对比） Another major factor influencing a move to the UK was for formal study, with over a quarter of people immigrating for this reason. However, interestingly, only a small minority, 4%, left for this.（第二大占比的数据对比）饼型图
A large number of people, 22%, also emigrated because they were looking for a job, though the proportion of people entering the UK for this purpose was noticeably lower at less than a fifth. （第三大占比数据对比）The proportions of those moving to join a family member were quite similar for immigration and emigration, at 15% and 13% respectively（排第四占比的数据对比）. Although a significant number of people gave ‘other’ reasons or did not give a reason why they emigrated, this accounted for only 17% with regards to immigration.（最小占比的两个数据写在一起来对比）
那么这边给大家出个2016年考过的一道真题思考一下：
温馨提示：该图除了是个动态图，有了年份的变化，需要总结出趋势变化外，思路分析上，跟之前的例题几乎没有什么区别。
例文
一篇静态饼图
The charts below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the world.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
按照水的不同用途在不同国家间的大小顺序来安排。
The pie charts showcase the difference amongst six regions across the world in terms of named water uses in percentage.
Water used for industrial purposes presents the most drastic contrasts in regional consumption trends. Europe and North America, as the top two consumers, reach 53% and 48% respectively. South America and South East Asia assume the second tier in the charts, both amounting to about 10%. The smallest proportion of water is used industrially in Africa and Central Asia (7% and 5% respectively).
Agriculture is where regional differences in water consumption rates are relatively smaller: North America and Europe both stand between 30% and 40%, while the other four regions in question find themselves in a high-value band (71 to 88%).
Households use the least amount of water: less than 20% for North and South America and Europe, and less than 10% for other regions.
In sum, despite the regional difference and generalities, agriculture, industry, and domestic uses of water are in a descending order.
一篇动态饼图
The charts below give information on the ages of the populations of Yemen and Italy in 2000 and projections for 2050.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The four pie charts illustrate information on the ages of the population of Yemen and Italy in 2000 with predictions for 2050. Three categories are provided, each depicting a different age group - 0-14, 15-59, and 60+ - to make clarifications simpler.
In Yemen's two pie charts, it is clear that people of 14 years old and younger occupied the majority of the population at 50.1% in 2000, while people from 15 to 59 years old will take the highest percentage in 2050, at around 57.3%. There will be a growth in the percentage of people from 15 to 59 andover 60 years old from 2000 to 2050. However, the percentage of the youngest age group will decrease over the fifty years.
It can be seen from the second two pie charts that in Italy people from 15 to 59 years have the highest percentage in both 2000 and 2050. The percentage of people over 60 years old is always higher than that of people of 14 and younger. There will be a rise in the percentage of people in the oldest category from 2000 to 2050. However, the fifty years will witness a decrease in the percentage of the youngest people as well as in the 15-59-year-old people.
In 2000, in terms of people 14 years and younger, the percentage of Yemen was higher than that of Italy. However, in 2050, for the population of individuals who fell into the 60+ years category, Yemen's percentage will be much lower than Italy's.
表格图（Table）
表格图“单项分析”法：
表格图其实是数据图里面相对好写也比较好分析的一种类型。今天就给大家介绍一种最简单粗暴的方法和技巧来分析表格图，它就叫做--- “单项分析法”！所谓的单项分析法的意思其实就是按照表格图的横坐标的项目或者纵坐标的项目为参照物，提取其每一项的最大以及最小值出来进行分析对比。不过选择参照物的时候一定要看横坐标的项目和纵标的项目哪个方向上的项目少，选项目少的方向来分析。比如题目纵坐标是十个国家的名字，横坐标是四个不同科技产品的花销，那当然就选横坐标的四个不同科技产品作为参考项来分析，不然按纵坐标十个不同国家来分析，那岂不分析到天荒地老。多说无益，直接上例题，我们通过题目来讲解这个方法，如题：
The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in five different countries in 2002.
按照“单项分析法”，首先我们就要确定好分析方向。那么这个表格横坐标是3个花销项目，纵坐标是5个不同的国家，明显横坐标项目更少，更好分析，所以按横坐标来分析。
再接下来就按照前面给大家介绍的分析方法，把每项的最大最小值数据提取出来分析就行来。
比如观察第一项（food/drink/tobacco)，它是三项里面消耗最大的，这个可以写到文章总结里面去，然后我们再看这一项里，最大的数据就是32.14%，对应的国家就是Turkey, 最小的数据是15.77%，对应的国家是Sweden。
接下来第二项，最大数据是9%，对应国家是Italy，最小数据是5.4%，对应国家是Sweden。
最后分析第三项，最大数据是4.35%，对应的国家是Turkey，最小数据是1.98%，对应国家是Spain。
这样，按照单项分析法，我们就把该题值得对比也比较容易发现的数据提取出来来，再然后就是分段。 细心的同学可能已经发现来一个点，就是刚才提取数据的时候，我们发现有些单项里最大或者最小的数据，对应到的国家都是相同的，那么其实写的时候就没必要分开写，可以放到一起来写。甚至按照我们单项分析法提取数据的流程，其实我们就是把数据分割成了单项里最大的数据是哪些，最小的数据又是哪些，那么在分段的时候其实也可以这样子来布局，就是最大的那些项目数据分一段，最小的项目数据分一段。这样更让读者（考官）看起来一目了然，逻辑也很清晰。比如这个题目我们的总体分段就可以这样布局：
第一段：改写文章题目
第二段：单项分析出来的最大数据值一段
第三段：单项分析出来的最小数据值一段
第四段：总体特征段
按照这样的布局，范文呈现出来就是这样：
The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and services in five countries in 2002. （该段很常规的方式改写了题目，方法大家可以参考我前面介绍的开头段改写方法）
Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably higher in Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of spending on leisure and education was also highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing and footwear was significantly higher in Italy, at 9%, than in any of the other countries.（这一段主要是把通过“单项分析法”提取出来的最大值罗列在了一起）
It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer expenditure for food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5% respectively. Spain had slightly higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for leisure/education, at only 1.98%.（这一段主要是把通过“单项分析法”提取出来的最小值罗列在了一起）
It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food, drinks and tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has the lowest percentages in the table.
所以“单项分析法”在表格图里面来运用实在是高效简洁，节省时间。 但这个方法也存在了一些短板的，就是有些时候无法把图里面某些细节特征给归纳出来，但这个点还是我之前有跟大家提到过的一个想法，大部分考生对写作分数的需求并没有要到8分及以上，如果只是某些个别的细节缺失，对分数的影响并不是那么大。考试的时候反而更要注重如何在有限的时间分析出数据，然后清晰地陈述出数据，给大作文节约更多的时间。
流程图
雅思 | 流程图的两个重点 - 李一的文章 - 知乎 https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/20940962
注意事项
所谓流程图，就是用图形分步骤示意性地展现一个流程。
流程图的写作一般要用一般时态，
流程图的写作一般要用被动语态
流程图的流程分为两种，一种是直线型的，即第一步与最后一步并无循环关系，一种是循环型的，最后一步又连回第一步。对于直线型的流程图，起点不言自明，但是对于循环型的流程图，要仔细观察，辨明起点。
结构
不论是直线型还是循环型的流程图，都包含多个步骤。步骤过多就需要分组，毕竟不能一个步骤一段，全文多达七八段。比如这个流程图（来自于网络），题目是：The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry，即用制砖的流程。
图中一步包含7个步骤，但是仔细观察之后，可以分为3个大步骤，即第1、2、3步分为一大步，即clay到brick的“成型”阶段，第4、5步分为一大步，即“烧制”的阶段，第6、7步为最后一大步，即“打包运输”的阶段。可见将多步骤的流程分为几大步骤，应该遵循一定的标准，即将步骤关系性较强的步骤归于一大步，划分合理的大步骤往往可以命名。
这样就可以得出流程图的文章结构：
开头段：改写题目+指出分组
第二段：分组1
第三段：分组2
第四段：分组3
有两点需要说明：
首先，如果涉及分组，开头段除了改写题目还要指出这种分组，比如上例的开头段就可以写为：The flow chart demonstrates the process of brick manufacturing and the procedure can be divided into three related phases which can be named moulding, heating, packaging and delivery.
其次，流程图一般不需要写结尾段。因为各个步骤之间的关联性已经在正文里面完全交代清楚了，不存在联合分析多个正文段落才能得出的新内容。当然，有的文章写了结尾段也不是什么原则性错误，只是这种结尾除了重复开头段或正文段的内容之外不会有什么新内容。另外，如果不用这种总分结构而改用分总结构也是可以的，比如Cam631的考官范文就没有开头段，直接写各个步骤，最后总结，这种结尾段作用于开头段类似，并无本质不同。
词汇句式
1）步骤
process/ procedure
建议用这两个词表示整个流程。
stage/ step/ phase
建议用这几个词表示整个流程中的步骤，以与上面的整个流程进行区分。
第一步
The process starts from...
Initially, …
At the beginning of the cycle, …
During the initial phase, …
The beginning of the whole cycle is marked by...
中间步骤
The second stage is…
The next step in the process is...
Next comes the third stage: …
When the third step is completed, …
The following stage is…
Once/ When… is done/ finished, …
最后一步
The final step is to....
....is the last step in the procedure.
Entering the final phase, …
步骤中
at the same time/ simultaneously/ meanwhile
during…/ in the process of…/ over the course of…
地图题
要点
找到地图中最明显的变化特征，用来写overview的部分；此外还需要注意观察地图中的小细节变化，不要有遗漏。（有些地图的标题中也会涉及到变化，不要只看图中内容，也要留心下标题哦）
过去的时间用过去时，如果给出的是现在的样貌用现在时，给出将来可能的变化用将来时。
信息明确后，开始对其进行整合处理，分析哪些作为重点的对比对象，比如扩大/缩小/新建/拆除等。关于地图中没有变化的事物，也可以给出描述。
不能把所有信息全都放置到一个段落中，会显得逻辑混乱，段落结构不清晰。那么如何分段呢？方式还是比较灵活的。
按地图顺序大作文：第一张图写一段，第二张图写一段，并给出变化；
按方向：找准方向的基点，比如按东西南北进行描述，先从东写到西，第二段从南写到北；或者由内到外、由外到内；顺时针逆时针都 ️
按事物主次：明显变化放到一段，再把次要事物放到一段。
常用表达
表方位：
地图题中常用的方位词有：in the east/ west/ south/ north of the village ; in the eastern/ western/ southern northern part of village ...；
如果是在角落，可以用：in the southwestern corner of ... ;
在河流的上/下游：at the lower/ upper reaches of the river;
沿着河岸：alongside the riverbank；
在河流的南端：at the southern end of the river.
表建设：
build
construct
establish
set up
appear
emerge
pave
表拆除：
pull down
knock down
convert
replace
disappear
vanish
范文参考
思路分析之后，让我们一起看下范文是如何将这些要点组成有逻辑的文章吧！
The maps below show a science park in 2008 and the same park today.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The maps detail alterations to a science park dating back to 2008.
intro：对题干内容进行改写，in 2008 and the same park today=> dating back to 2008；确定好文章时态，描述第一张图用过去时，第二张用一般现在时。
Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that the park has expanded to include more areas for research, education and improved accessibility.
overview：找到最明显的特征，多了research/university hub和其它设施的改进。
Considering initially the northern end of the park, in 2008 there was considerable untouched natural land that has now been replaced with a research and development center (the reception area was also removed in favor of a university hub, while the adjacent offices remain the same). South of these new facilities, the car park has reduced in size, the business units are unchanged, and, most significantly, the cyber security building has been enlarged, overtaking previously undeveloped land.
In the southern section of the park, the circular IT centre has been transformed into an innovation centre and there is a new train station on the southernmost tracks with walkways branching off to various facilities. Finally, there are additional biking routes along an eastern road and running through the centre of the park past the car park and new buildings as well as a bus stop on the eastern side of campus.
body paragraph： 确定好分段，先描述上半部分的变化和不变，再描述下半部分。最后别忘了注意两个图表中间的文字说明，把交通道路的改善添加到第二个主体段中。
TEST 3, WRITING TASK 1
This is an answer written by a candidate who achieved a Band 6.5 score.
The South West airport had some changes after its redevelopment. The departures area was modified to have a bag drop service, along with a cafe and check-in module that were already there before the redevelopment. However, both the cafe and the check-in module changed places to make room for the bag drop. After going through security passport control, passengers and airport staff will be able to purchase stuff at the new stores before their flight. After doing some shopping, the boarding gates wait ahead. There are now 18 gates, which were 8 before the redevelopment. For this reason, the walkaway installed between the gates has been replaced for a sky train, which will be able to transport people along the different gates. But if you’re not leaving the South West airport, you’ll be glad to know the arrivals area has also been redeveloped. After going through passport control customs, passengers and airport staff will be able to hire different services. This area was empty before the redevelopment, but now it has an ATM, a cafe and a car hire service that will gladly take you to your destination.
参考译文
西南机场重建后发生了一些变化。出发区经过改造，提供了行李托运服务，以及在重建前就已有的咖啡厅和登机模块。但是，咖啡厅和登机模块都更换了位置，以便为行李托运留出地方。通过护照安全检查后，乘客和机场工作人员将可以在起飞前于新商店购买物品。购物后，前面就是登机口。现在有18个登机口，在重建前是8个。因此，安装在登机口之间的人行道已被空中列车取代，列车将能够沿着不同的登机口运送人员。但是，如果不离开西南机场，你将会很高兴知道到达区也重建了。通过海关入境检验处后，乘客和机场工作人员将能够租用不同的服务。该区域在重建前是空置的，但现在拥有自动取款机、咖啡厅和汽车租赁服务，可以很乐意把你送到目的地。
点评：
文章涵盖了所需的主要细节，但是在描述变化时用了过去时，而不是为“明年”的建设应使用的动词将来时。总的来说，文章可以通过加上主要变化的总结得到改进。
文章通过描述重建后机场的旅途变化——先是出发区，然后到达区——符合逻辑地组织信息。文章有一些不错的衔接（However、After、But）和指代（which、This area）。如果文章能够分成两到三段，组织性会得到改进。
词汇是强项，有效使用了搭配（changed places、take you to your destination），以及词汇的灵活运用（modified、installed between）。
语法方面，文章的结构多样，但描述变化时使用了一般过去（was modified）和现在完成（has been replaced by），而要求是描述未来的变化。要想取得更高的分数，需要有更多样的未来时结构来回应“明年”的变化。
大作文
作文结构：
1，主论点
2，两个分论点以及论述
3，结尾
Some people illustrate that...（写出第一种观点）.However，others hold a different view that...（插入另一种观点）。In my perspective，（写出自己观点）。
Furthermore，（强化自己观点）。Besides，（补充说明）。
Though opponents fight against...（插入反对意见）。Proponents...（先抑后扬强调观点正确性）
Compared with the benefit from （和上述方法能提供的好处相比，反对意见微不足道）
Therefore，+结论
段落结构：
讲段落就已经涉及到谋篇布局的问题了。一般而言，一段5句话左右。文章主体通常的段落结构有以下3种：
（1） 论点＋举例＋解释＋对比（可选）＋反面论证（可选）；
（2） 论点＋举例1+解释1+举例2+解释2；
（3） 论点＋举例1+举例2+举例3+解释3。
第一句话一定是论点，并且用简单句表述，后面的则可用长难句表述。如果要求每段只有5句话，那每段就必有长难句，并且也不会再出现一个论点阐述不完全的情况。通过练习，能将字数控制大约100字，也就不用再担心文章篇幅问题。
此外，首段通常采取3句式：背景＋改写＋总论点；末段采取两句式：总结＋升华。
双边讨论
双边讨论题是观点论述类题中的一类题型，主要是根据一个现象中两个相对的观点， 给出自己的观点。
题干特点：题中有Some people……other people……
这类题目与同意与否题目相似，仍旧可以分为两大类（三小类）：完全的倾向和部分的倾向（同意一方观点，同意另一方观点，同意两个观点的结合）
段落还是分为开头段2-3句话，主体段2-3段，结尾段2-3句话。
接下来就按照这三个部分，一一进行介绍和提供一些句式。
二、写作思路
开头段仍旧是三部分：增添背景，引出争论和阐明个人观点。
增添背景这部分仍旧是思考引发争论的原因。
引出争论就是要表明题干中的人群是在对什么进行争论。
阐明个人观点需要清晰鲜明的写出自己文章将要论述的观点。观点对于文章来说非常重要。这里的观点我们可以将题干按双方的观点是否可以共存分为两类，在可以共存的情况下，我们要考虑这两个是可以辩证共存还是和谐共存。如果是不可以共存，那么我们的观点就需要明确指出我们赞同哪一个观点。
开头段举例+主体段论证思路：
例一：一些人认为博物馆有娱乐功能很重要，另一些人认为有教育功能很重要。
这个题目就是可以共存并且是和谐共存的情况（当然选择其它种类也是可以的，只有能够想出很好的理由，都是可以去进行写作论述的）和谐共存之后的观点就是博物馆可以同时兼具娱乐与教育能力，寓教于乐。
这类问题的主体段就可以分为2段，一段写一个观点为什么觉得好，另一段写另一个观点好的原因。
例二：一些人认为老建筑非常重要需要保护，另一些人认为保护老建筑要花费很多钱，是一种浪费。
这个题目就是一个可以辩证共存的。因为我们承认老建筑不能全部拆除，也无法否认保护老建筑需要金钱的开销。但在这个基础上，又并不是每一个老建筑都是值得保护的，所以我们可以把老建筑进行分类，什么的需要保护，什么的就可以不去保护，与同意与否题的部分同意情况相似。
这类情况也可以分为两段，一段是为什么一部分老建筑在花费多的情况下仍选择保留，另一段是为什么一些需要拆除。
例三:随着科学技术的进步，外卖进入人们生活。有人认为这种现象是好的，也有人觉得这样是有害的。
这类问题就是一个不能共存的题目，因为我们在短短的作文中最好不要说一个现象是既好又坏的，虽然可以把事情进行分片，但在250字的作文中，很难把自己的观点论述清楚。
所以在这类无法共存的题目的写作我们通常是分成2-3段，1-2段写自己认为的观点（好/不好），另一段就是说明一下自己为什么认为不好；或者好坏在每一段中都穿插进行。
结尾
结尾仍旧是改写题干与总结。总结自己的观点和主体段给出的理由。进行整合，写到1-3句话中即可。
三、常用词汇句式总结
引出争论句式：
There has been much debate/discussion about
People have conflicting/different views on
People have different views about how much choich students should have with regard to what they like
个人观点句型：
Although some people argue that ~, I believe that
While I acknowledge that ~, I disagree with the recommendation that
I believe that rule and freedom play equally important roles, so they should be co-exist in the ~
I believe the joint effort of the government and individuals is the key to dealing with environmental problems
I believe that a combination of ~ and ~ is ideal.
I believe that both ~ and ~are needed to
https://www.zhihu.com/topic/21508626)
SourceURL:file://文字文稿2
Some people believe that it is good to share as much information as possible in scientific research, business and the academic world. Others believe that some information is too important or too valuable to be shared freely.
Discuss *both these views and give your own opinion.*（记得这是双边讨论）
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience
Accelerating information flow is *a defining feature* （显著特点）of the cyber-era. But, within industries that have extensive amounts of research and development, sharing or secrecy *is a controversial issue*.（有争议的问题）
*The supporters of sharing emphasized two points*,（开头提出key points） accelerating the progress in different areas and making a win-win situation possible for all the parties. Firstly, sharing allows researchers to forge new ground rather than repeat already existing research as well as perform meta-analyses on the current research topic. Therefore, data sharing ensures the continued production in all industries. Secondly, fully accessibility of the newest data can inform the larger community about the changes. This in turn can greatly benefit the public as more widely disseminated information can lead to better commercial or scientific planning based on a bigger and newer picture.
In contrast, the opposing views pay more attention to the side-effects on（反方观点） inflicting financial losses and hindering long-term development. One motivation for secrecy is the anticipation for returns after making a large investment. Free sharing may not only threaten patents or leading positions in competition, but also change the cultural context of how researchers are rewarded for creating, analyzing, and preserving data. Another reason for withholding is the desire for honor and reputation, which are the drivers for making continuous contribution. Sometimes, openness facilitates plagiarism, especially in science research.
Based on the consideration for the interests of different communities, there is certainly no one-size-fits-all solution to the challenges of data sharing, although everyone knows in an ideal world, sharing should be the best choice. However, there is a real opportunity for a scholarly society, including researchers, funders, institutions and publishers, to work together to develop a standard to reach a balance between interest-protection and information transparency.
利弊分析题
题目简介与注意点
利弊题是观点论述类题中的一类题型，题目任务是根据一个现象，分析这个现象的利弊，并给出自己的观点。
题干特点：题中问题是Do you think the advantages of ~ outweigh the disadvantages.
注意题干这里用的是outweigh，是在重要性层面上的比较，所以理由数量并不是重要的，一般只要自己认为利或弊的一方的理由等于或稍多于对立方的就可以。
这类题目与双边讨论题目相似，都是需要把题干中双方的观点进行思考于写作，在自己的分析的基础上再得出结论。
段落还是分为开头段2-3句话，主体段2-3段，结尾段2-3句话。
接下来按照这三个部分，进行思路和写作方法的介绍和提供一些句式。
思路方法
开头段还是经典三部分：增添背景，引出现象和阐明个人观点。
这里的增添背景还是从现象的原因出发，不过如果题干比较长的情况，这部分是可以省略的。
引出现象经典的改写题目。题目改写的方法之后与增添背景的方法一起进行总结。
最后一句阐明个人观点，观点要时刻谨记要鲜明，这个作文类型的观点比较笼统，只有两种：利大于弊，弊大于利。
可以说这类题目的立意比较少，尤其是与同意与否题相比，所以审题的关键点就落在了关键词的抓取。
关键词的问题是每个作文都非常需要重视的，因为往往一个词的疏忽，就可能引起跑题，导致分数大大下降。
审题的重点可以分为以下三类：
1、确定题型：首先要通过题目的问题特点，确定出这篇作文是哪一类，从而能够根据自己的思路积累对症下药。
2、画出关键词（话题词、限定词、抽象词），这一步骤是最为重要的，每一个关键词都需要重视，并且思考具体的作用是什么。画关键词的动作在第一遍读题的时候就应该进行，因为第二遍读题再画容易因为第一遍的笼统印象而对题目研读变得粗略，从而漏掉重要的关键词。
3、确定题目有几个需要论证的点以及内部关系（因果、并列、比较）：这个其实是读题之后写作之前构思工作，在构思的过程中我们常常又会对自己的论点与例子是否符合题意产生疑惑，这时候我们就可以再次粗略扫一遍题目或画出的关键词，就能自己确定自己的思路是否扣题。
主题段：
主题段分为2段，一段利一段弊。
还是将自己认为重要的放在后面一段，因为这样可以有前面的对比，让自己的论证显得更加具有说服力。
文章的构思就是围绕现象去思考利和弊。在自己不认为重要的一段中，我们需要去弱化影响。
弱化影响常常通过perhaps，possibly等类似的词或短语，或是降低影响的范围，例如将能够影响人类改为能够影响青少年，基本是这两种，其它弱化手段可以在范文中进行积累。
结尾段：
结尾段经典的再次简单改写题目和主体段观点的总结。用一些句式着重说明自己认为重要的一方。
句式总结
开头：
Personally, I believe that the drawbacks of this trend outweigh the benefits.
I firmly deem that the positive effects carry more weigh than its adverse impacts.
主题段：
It is true that …… thanks to …….
However, there is one major problem linked in part to ……
The drawbacks of ~ are obvious
结尾：
To sum up, although 现象 owing to 主体段的原因, …… values have been suffering.
In conclusion，……
是否同意题
同意与否题总体介绍
同意与否题是雅思大作文中出现频率最高的一类题目。
这类题目的观点主要有三类：同意，部分同意，完全不同意。
段落还是分为开头段2-3句话，主体段2-3段，结尾段2-3句话。
接下来就按照这三个部分，一一进行介绍和提供一些句式。
写作思路
开头第一句是增加背景，与之前类似，我们可以思考是什么导致这个观点的出现，用一句范围不是过于小但又比较具体的句子写出来这个原因（比如随着科技的发展就范围过大，而随着网络的普及就范围比较合适）
接下来的一句或可以与增添背景合为一句的就是引出话题。引出话题就是说明出题目中的人们的争论点，也可以更通俗的理解为改写题干。
最后就是阐明鲜明的个人立场。这里的同意与否的立场非常复杂，因为一个题目往往分为前置条件和最终推理结果。在这里，我们有着多种多样的选择：可以从前置条件到最终结果完全同意，这就是完全同意；也可以题干争论点都完全不同意，这就是完全不同意。但更多的是部分同意：同意前置条件，但不同意结果，同意条件，不同意部分的结果（结果的人群可以进行分类讨论），或同意条件也同意可能出现的结果，但不同意推导的逻辑。
上述可能有些比较不直观，下面用一个例子说明一下：
例如科技发展让人们找工作更加困难
这里的条件也可以说是环境是科技发展，而争论点是会不会让人们找工作更加困难。这里的前置条件基本没有争议，所以这部分默认同意，在分类的时候就不用进行考虑。
这里的完全同意的观点就是题干，完全不同意就是不认为会让人们找工作更加困难。而部分同意的观点就可以对”人们“这个名词进行拆分，比如拆分成老人和年轻人；知识分子和文化水平较低的人等等，这就是不同意部分结果。
如果题干是明显分为两部分的情况，则应该将这两部分分开进行讨论。
同意与否题个人观点的选取非常重要，需要认真审题，明确题干的限定词和逻辑关系，在给出自己的观点。
主体段主要就是根据自己的观点给出原因。关于主体段的论证方法之后将专门出一期。
下面先给出几个思考观点的思路：
1、论证观点本身的合理性（优点）
2、反驳对立方
3、如果成立，后果（好/坏）
4、观点的可行性、公平性
结尾段
结尾段就是再次重申自己的观点（注意句式和词汇的变换），中间穿插自己在主体段中给出的主要观点，把文章的思路理清结尾段的任务也就完成了。
句式积累
开头段引出话题：
Some people think that
It is argued that
It is believed that
It is suggested that
开头段观点句：
I completely agree/disagree with the statement
Which I accept/admit ~, I still believe that ~(partly agree)
说明文
注意：首先要从题干辨别说明文和议论文。议论文在题干中提出了观点，但是说明文的题干只给出了社会现象，说明文会要求你分析这个现象的原因，再追问你一个影响或者解决方法，所以通常说明文会问两个问题。在说明文的行文中，最重要的是寻找原因，找到原因后才能对症下药。
结构：
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